11^th International Heart Conference

Echocardiography: An echocardiography is a test that uses high frequency sound waves to produce live images of heart to see structure of heart and to evaluate heart functions. The image is called an echocardiogram. It has no side effects. Echocardiography helps doctor to find out:

• The size and shape of heart, thickness and movement of heart’s wall.
• How heart moves
• The heart’s pumping strength.
• If the heart values are working correctly.
• If blood is leaking backwards through heart values.
• If the heart values are too narrow
• If there is a tumor or infectious growth around heart values

Cardiac CT: Cardiac CT is also known as computed tomography of heart and is performed to know about cardiac anatomy to diagnose coronary artery disease, to check patency of coronary artery bypass grafts or to assess volume try and cardiac function.

MRI: MRI uses radio waves and a strong magnetic field to create images of organs and tissues with the body. MRI scan varies from CT scans and X-rays as it does not involve use of potentially harmful ionizing radiations.

Heart failure:  Heart failure is the heart’s inability to pump an adequate flow of blood to the body. All major body functions are disrupted without sufficient blood flow. Heat failure can affect the left side or right side of heart or both at the same time.

Types of heart failure:

• Right sided heart failure
• Left sided heart failure
• Diastolic heart failure
• Systolic heart failure

Myocardial infarction: Myocardial infarction is also known as heart attack. It occurs when blood flow stops or decreases to a part of the heart and causes damage to the heart muscle. Discomfort or pain in chest is the most common symptom which may extend into the shoulder, arm, back, neck or jaw.

Neurology and cardiology includes to the pathophysiological interplays of the nervous and cardiovascular systems. The constant communication between the brain and the heart has proved invaluable to synthesizing fields of neurological and cardiac diseases. The neuro-cardiac alliances the link to many problems regarding the physiological functions of the body.

This includes:

• Stress
• Arrhythmias
• Stroke
• Epilepsy

Pediatric Cardiovascular Disease: Pediatric heart disease describes different heart conditions in children. Pediatric heart disease refers to a problem that causes a change in blood flow through the heart in children. Pediatric Cardiovascular Disease is the most common birth defect.

• Developmental delays and disorders
• Behavioral problems
• Functional disabilities
• Cocial stresses
• Mental disorders including depression and anxiety disorders

Congenital Cardiovascular Disease: Congenital cardiovascular disease is also known as congenital heart disease (CHDs) and constitutes most common type of birth defects. As advanced medical care and treatment, babies with a CHD are living longer and healthier lives. CHDs are present at birth and affect the structure of a baby’s heart. CHDs range from small hole in the heart to missing or poorly developed parts of the heart.

Different types of CHDs

• Atrial Septal Defect
• Atrioventricular Septal Defect
• Coarctation of the Aorta
• Double-outlet Right Ventricle
• Ebstein Anomaly
• Interrupted Aortic Arch
• Single Ventricle
• Tetralogy of Fallot
• Tricuspid Atresia

Cardiovascular pharmacology: Cardiovascular pharmacology involves drugs that are used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Many medications are used to treat various heart conditions. Some examples of the drugs used as cardiovascular medicine include:

• Anticoagulants or blood thinners
• Antiplatelet agents 
• Thrombolytic agents
• Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
• Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)
• Diuretics
• Calcium channel blockers
• Vasodilators
• Digoxin 

• Cardiac nursing  refers cares for patients who suffer from numerous conditions of the cardiovascular system. Cardiac nurses play a major role in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cardiovascular conditions by working with patients experiencing heart attacks, angina, coronary artery disease, arrhythmias, and other conditions.
• Acute cardiac care: This involves the emergency management of heart attacks and immediate management of other cardiac conditions, including heart arrhythmias and heart failure.
• Chronic cardiac care:  This involves the management of the long term and chronic cardiac conditions The most common symptoms of Chronic cardiac disease are chest pains and a heart attack. Other symptoms include palpitations and unusual breathlessness. In several cases people may not show any symptoms before they are diagnosed.

Hypertension: Hypertension is a major condition that significantly increases the risks of heart, brain, kidney and other diseases. Blood pressure is determined both by the amount of blood your heart pumps and the amount of resistance to blood flow in your arteries.

Obesity: Obesity is a disease including an excessive amount of body fat. Obesity is a health problem that increases risk of other diseases and health problems like heart disease, high blood pressure, certain cancers, and diabetes.

Causes of Obesity:

• Physical inactivity
• Overeating
• Genetics
• A diet high in simple carbohydrates
• Frequency of eating
• Medications
• Psychological factors
• Diseases like hypothyroidism, insulin resistance, polycystic ovary syndrome, and Cushing's syndrome also contribute to obesity

Arrhythmia: Arrhythmias occur when the electrical impulses that inter-relate heart rhythm do not travel normally. It causes the heart beat too fast, too slow, or with an irregular rhythm. Most arrhythmias are harmless, some are serious or even life threatening. When a heartbeat is too fast, too slow or irregular, the heart cannot pump sufficient blood to the body.

• Treatments for heart arrhythmia include:
• Electrophysiology procedures (EP study, mapping, ablation)
• Cardioversion
• Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD)
• Medical Management
• Pacemaker Implantation
• Transesophageal Echocardiogram
• Heart Surgery

Electrophysiology: Electrophysiology is a study of physiology that obtains broadly to the flow of ions in biological tissues and, in particular, to the electrical recording techniques that allow the measurement of this flow. Classical electrophysiology techniques include placing electrodes into various preparations of biological tissue.

Cardiac Problems during Pregnancy: Cardiac problems during pregnancies include symptoms like fatigue, chest pain, and shortness of breath, fainting, difficulty breathing while sleeping. Fainting occurs due to blood pressure and volume changes in pregnancy.

Common heart problems that affect women include:

• Shunt lesions
• Obstructive Lesions
• Complex lesions
• Cyanotic heart disease

Cardio-Oncology: Cardio-oncology is a study of cardiology that involves on the monitoring, detection and treatment of cardiovascular disease resulting as a side effect of chemotherapy and radiology. A number of cardiologists treat and manage patients with heart disease and cancer.

Nuclear Cardiology: Nuclear Cardiology studies use autoimmune techniques to evaluate myocardial blood flow, the pumping function of the heart as well as envision the size and location of a heart attack. Among all the techniques of nuclear cardiology, myocardial perfusion imaging is the mostly used.

Types of Nuclear Cardiology Tests:

• Cardiac SPECT
• Cardiac PET-CT

• Molecular cardiology: The Molecular Cardiology involves the study of the molecular mechanisms of cardiovascular biology and human cardiovascular diseases. It focuses on discovering novel pathways that modulate cardiac hypertrophy, aging and metabolic diseases with specific attention to interpreting bench findings to new bedside approaches and strategies.
• Cellular cardiology: Heart failure is the chief cause of mortality worldwide. Cardiac remodeling is the adaptive mechanism that causes ventricular dysfunction. In present article the authors explain the elements of the human heart and their examination of basic functions and their inter-communication under both normal and pathological circumstances.

Lipidology is the study of cholesterol. It finds particular treatments for high cholesterol and other lipid disorders. A lipidologist researches lipids and lipoprotein metabolism in the body and directs to find ways of decreasing mortality rates related with high cholesterol. This is a expanding area of ability due to the increase in cholesterol-related diseases such as cardiovascular disease. Lipid disorders include:

• Hypercholesterolemia
• Hyperglyceridaemia
• Hypertriglyceridemia
• Hyperlipoproteinaemia
• Hyperchylomicronaemia

The preventive cardiology has started to treat the spectrum of coronary disease risk factors and coronary artery disease through the assessment of individual risk and early initiation of interventions to prevent, delay or modify the development of clinical atherosclerosis which will be primary and also after the manifestation of symptomatic coronary artery disease. The main aim of Preventive Cardiology is to identify people with high risk of developing cardiac disease.

Prevention of cardiovascular disease achieve by doing regular exercise, by healthy dieting, by avoiding tobacco smoking, excessive alcohol and by maintaining of an optimal blood pressure and normal LDL-cholesterol and glucose levels.

Cardiovascular Imaging: Cardiac imaging is a diagnostic radiology that uses medical images to diagnose cardiovascular diseases and to detect the defects in the size and shape of the heart. It is used to diagnose many diseases including:

• Coronary heart disease.
• Heart failure or valve problems.
• Damage caused by a heart attack.
• Congenital heart defects
• Pericarditis
• Cardiac tumors.

Image Analysis: Image analysis includes processing an image into fundamental components to remove important information. Image analysis involves tasks such as finding shapes, removing noise, counting objects, detecting edges and calculating statistics for texture analysis or image quality. Methods used for image processing are:

• Analogue image processing
• digital image processing

Arteriosclerosis: Arteriosclerosis refers to condition where blood vessels that carry oxygen and nutrients from heart to the rest of body become thick and stiff restricting the blood flow to organs and tissues. This damage permits a collection of substances, known as plaque that builds up in the artery wall. These substances involve fat and cholesterol.

Thrombosis: Thrombosis involves the formation of a blood clot formed in a blood vessel known as a thrombus. This clot block or obstruct blood flow in the affected area, and cause serious complications if this clot moves to an essential part of the circulatory system, such as the brain or the lungs.

Vascular Biology: Vascular biology is the study of the biology of the constituent cells of the vascular wall. It includes the heart and blood vessels. The blood vessels comprise arteries that transport blood from your heart to the rest of body, and veins that return the blood from all parts of the body to your heart.

Cerebral Blood Flow : CBF is explained as the blood volume that flows per unit mass per unit time in brain tissue and is typically indicates in units of ml blood. Direct methods for calculating CBF in human subjects include single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), MRI with contrast agents, and arterial spin labeling (ASL) MRI.

CBF is controlled by four major mechanisms:

• Metabolic control (or 'metabolic autoregulation')
• Pressure autoregulation.
• Chemical control (by arterial pCO₂ and pO₂)
• Neural control.

Metabolism: Metabolism is used to express all chemical reactions included in continuing the living state of the cells and the organism. Metabolism can be efficiently divided into two categories: Catabolism and Anabolism. Catabolism refers to the breakdown of molecules to obtain energy and Anabolism refers to the synthesis of all compounds needed by the cells.

Stem Cell Research and Regeneration on Cardiology

Stem Cell Research: Stem-cell research is a research that involves the properties of stem cells and their potential utilize in medicine. Stem cells are the origin of all tissues, describing their properties helps in our understanding of the healthy and diseased body's development and homeostasis.There are five different types of stem cells discussed;

• Totipotent (or Omnipotent) Stem Cells
• Pluripotent Stem Cells
• Multipotent Stem Cells
• Oligopotent Stem Cells
• Unipotent Stem Cells

Regeneration on Cardiology: Cardiac regeneration is a wide attempt that straight to repair inevitably harmed heart tissue with cutting-edge science, involving stem cell and cell-free therapy. Many tools have been developed to replace injured heart tissue and impaired heart function using the body's natural ability to regenerate.

Resuscitation: Resuscitation is the process of improving physiological disorders (such as lack of breathing or heartbeat) in a patient. It is a very important part of intensive care medicine, trauma surgery and emergency medicine. Examples are cardiopulmonary resuscitation and mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. CPR Techniques;

• High-Frequency Chest Compressions.
• Open-Chest CPR.
• Interposed Abdominal Compression-CPR
• “Cough” CPR
• Prone CPR
• Precordial Thump
• Percussion Pacing

Emergency infusions: Emergency infusion is the process of injecting directly into the bone marrow which produces a non-collapsible entry point into the systemic venous system. This technique defines to allow fluids and medication when intravenous access is not accessible.

Infusion Drugs & Types of Infusions:

• Antibiotics
• Biologics
• Chemotherapy
• Fluids
• Heart pumps medication
• Hemophilia factor therapy
• Intravenous gamma globulin (IVIG)
• Pain management

A heart Transplantation is a surgical Transplantation procedure performed on cardiac patients with end-stage heart failure or severe heart disease. When other medical or surgical treatments failed, the most common procedure is to take for operating heart, with or without both lungs. When patients suffer from other circulatory conditions related to their heart condition, they are less suitable for a heart transplant.

Stroke interventions: A stroke arises when blood supply to part of brain is reduced. It blocks brain tissue from getting oxygen and nutrients. A stroke is a medical emergency and the treatment is crucial. Early action decrease brain damage and other complications.

Signs and symptoms of stroke include:

• Difficulty in speaking and understanding 
• Numbness
• Problems seeing in one or both eyes
• Headache
• Difficulty in walking

Carotid Stenting: Carotid stenting refers to a procedure in which a heart surgeon inserts a stent, a slim, metal-mesh tube that expands inside the lumen of carotid artery to widen the artery as a result improving the blood flow in areas blocked by plaque.

Carotid artery stenting is an endovascular procedure where a stent is inserted into the lumen of the carotid artery to widen the blocked and narrowing carotid artery and decrease the risk of stroke.

Thoracic Surgery: Thoracic surgery indicates the operations on organs in the chest, including the heart, lungs and esophagus. Thoracic surgeries cover coronary artery bypass surgery, heart transplant, lung transplant and removal of the lung affected by cancer.

Cardiovascular Surgery: Cardiovascular surgery defined as heart surgery. It relates surgical procedure which includes the heart, or the blood vessels that carry blood to heart.

Microcirculation: The microcirculation defines as the circulation of the blood in the smallest blood vessels. The microvasculature present with organ tissues. The micro vessels include terminal arterioles, capillaries, metarterioles and venules.

3 different types of capillaries:

• continuous
• fenestrated
• discontinuous

Inflammation: Inflammation is defined as a biological response of body to harmful stimuli, such as damaged cells, pathogens, or irritants, and it protects response including immune cells, blood vessels, and molecular mediators.

Best treatment for inflammation:

• NSAIDs 
• Corticosteroids (such as prednisone)
• Chemotherapy drugs, disease-modifying treatments, biologic therapy, and narcotic pain relievers etc.

Cardiopulmonary rehabilitation: Cardiac rehabilitation defined as exercise training, education and emotional support about lifestyle changes to decrease heart disease risk, like healthy eating and healthy dieting, maintaining a healthy weight and quitting smoking.

The Four Phases of Cardiac Rehabilitation;

• The Acute Phase of Cardiac Rehabilitation.
• Outpatient Rehabilitation Program.
• Independent Ongoing Maintenance.

Cardiopulmonary Disease prevention defines as the prevention of lungs and heart diseases. Some of the following controllable risk factors for heart disease:

• High cholesterol (low HDL)
• Hypertension
• Obesity
• Smoking (with a current plan to quit)
• Diabetes

• Geriatric cardiology  refers to as the offering cardiovascular care to the geriatric population taking into consideration principles of geriatric medicine alongside into the daily routine care of ageing population with cardiovascular diseases.

• Interventional cardiology: Interventional cardiology is subspecialty of cardiology that uses intravascular catheter-based techniques with fluoroscopy to treat various heart diseases. Many procedures can perform on the heart by catheterization. Mostly involves the introduction of a sheath into the femoral artery and cannulating the heart under X-ray visualization.
• Interventional Radiology:Interventional radiology is a medical subspecialty of radiology. It provides minimally invasive diagnosis and treatment using imaging to target and show the result of the intervention.

• Cardiovascular Engineering: Cardiovascular engineering involves both the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular engineering research includes the complete biological cardiovascular tissues for regenerative-medicine applications, the study and treatment lymphatic disorders and the study of calcification within the cardiovascular system.
• Cardio-vascular technology: Cardiovascular technology describes the diagnosis and treatment of heart-related and blood vessels-related conditions. Cardiac Technology explains how to use imaging technology and perform an ultrasound. Observing heart rates, elucidating procedures to patients and reviewing their files are all essential in cardiovascular technology.

According to Translational research in Cardiology, it is the method of using advanced procedures to promote their importance in fields of cardiovascular disease, diagnosis and treatment to speed up scientific discovery into patient and future community benefit. It addresses critical medical needs. In applied sciences, it is specifically designed to improve health outcomes. Types of Translational Research:

• T1 research
• T2 research
• T3 research
• T4 research

• Clinical cardiology: Clinical cardiology produces more than one type of imaging, which is used to evaluate patients for cardiac disease. Coronary angiography is a gold standard which is used for diagnosis of coronary artery stenosis and magnetic resonance imaging is performed to determine gross anatomy and SPECT is used to estimate myocardial perfusion.
• Experimental Cardiology: Experimental Cardiology discuss about heart health-related issues, including hypertension, myocardial ischemia, diabetes, and other cardiovascular diseases.

• Nephrocardiology includes the clinical conditions that involve both heart and kidney. If a person has kidney disease, he is more likely to get heart disease. Heart disease is a common cause of death among people who have kidney disease.

  Kidney disease and heart disease shares mainly two causes:

  • Diabetes
  • high blood pressure

Genetics of Heart Disease: Genetics can direct the risk for heart disease. Genes control every details of the cardiovascular system, from the strength of the blood vessels to the cells in the heart. Genetic mutations in a single gene influence the likelihood of developing heart disease.

There are 3 Common Inherited Heart Diseases:

• Familial Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy 
• Familial Dilated Cardiomyopathy
• Familial Hypercholesterolemia

Vascular Disease: Vascular disease affects the blood vessels. As heart beats, it pumps blood with oxygen and nutrients to feed tissues and it carry off waste.

Types of Vascular Disease:

• Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
• Atherosclerosis
• Carotid Artery Disease/Carotid Artery Stenosis
• Chronic Venous Insufficiency
• Intermittent Claudication
• Deep Vein Thrombosis

• Current Research in Cardiology:  With recent development of innovative techniques and devices, management and treatment of cardiovascular diseases has improved to a great extent saving numerous precious lives.
• Advances in Cardiology: Few of the chief advances in cardiology include the new guidelines on revascularization, new developments in the treatment of cardiogenic shock, novel stent technology and clinical trial data shows no benefit of dropping aspirin after stenting procedure.

• Cardiovascular Diabetology
• Cardiac Anesthesiology
• Sports and Exercise Cardiology
• Cardiovascular Endocrinology
• Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions